Pain Theories and BPS model

Pain theory is examined as a practical issue for clinicians, especially when patients ask why they still hurt despite no clear tissue damage, as in non-specific low back pain. The lecture explains how underlying assumptions about pain influence assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and communication, and why conflicting explanations can leave patients feeling dismissed, stigmatized, or as if they are “broken.” The main historical models are then outlined. Descartes’ mechanical, linear account is presented first, followed by other tissue-based theories that also treat pain as predictable and peripheral. The lecture then covers gate control theory, which introduced spinal and brain modulation, and the neuromatrix theory, which shifted attention toward brain-based explanations and helped explain pain without injury. It then turns to the biopsychosocial model, showing how it broadened pain understanding by including biological, psychological, and social factors. At the same time, its limits are highlighted, especially the difficulty of integrating mind and body without slipping back into dualism or overly brain-centered explanations. Learners can expect a foundation for the later introduction of the enactive approach to pain and clinical practice.