Osteoporosis and Fractures

Osteoporosis is introduced as a condition in which reduced bone strength increases the likelihood of fractures from loads that would not normally break healthy bone. The explanation covers how bone loss involves both lower bone mass and changes in bone quality and microarchitecture. Learners are also shown how bone mineral density is used to define osteopenia and osteoporosis through T-scores measured at the hip and spine. The main risk factors for bone loss and fracture are outlined, including aging, hormonal changes, certain medications, smoking, alcohol use, low body weight, rheumatoid arthritis, prior fragility fracture, and family history. It also explains that fracture risk is not determined by bone density alone, and introduces FRAX as a tool for estimating 10-year fracture probability. A major focus is the relationship between falls and fractures. Falls are presented as the most common cause, with attention to factors such as balance, gait, dizziness, sedation, and body position during impact. The role of exercise professionals and physical therapists is emphasized in assessing fall history, gait, and balance, reducing fall risk, and designing exercise to support bone strength and safer daily activity.