Module 1: Presentations

Peripheral artery disease is presented as an important cause of leg pain that can mimic musculoskeletal problems, especially lumbar spinal stenosis. Learners are introduced to its underlying basis as reduced arterial blood flow linked to atherosclerosis, along with how prevalence rises with age and why many people remain asymptomatic. The main focus is clinical recognition. Key features include predictable exertional leg pain, usually in the calves, thighs, or buttocks, that is rapidly relieved by rest. The summary also highlights how symptoms may be atypical, with pain or tightness in areas such as the groin, knee, shin, or ankle, making diagnosis less straightforward. Particular attention is given to differentiating vascular claudication from spinal stenosis by noting the lack of positional relief in peripheral artery disease. Risk factors such as smoking, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cardiovascular history, medications, family history, sex, and ethnicity are emphasized. More serious presentations are covered too, including critical limb ischemia and acute limb ischemia, with warning signs such as rest pain, forefoot pain, coldness, numbness, severe weakness, and the need for urgent referral.