BPPV

BPPV is explained as the most common cause of positional vertigo, triggered when displaced otoconia enter the semicircular canals and move with gravity. The teaching covers how age affects crystal fragmentation, why symptoms differ between younger and older patients, and how canal involvement changes the pattern of dizziness and eye movements. Posterior canal cases are described as the most common, with lateral canal problems less frequent and anterior canal involvement relatively uncommon. Diagnosis focuses on positional testing, especially the Dix-Hallpike test for posterior canal BPPV and side-lying tests for lateral canal cases, with emphasis on adapting technique to the patient’s neck, mobility, and safety. Treatment is covered in detail through the Epley maneuver, including positioning, timing, retesting, and when repeated maneuvers are needed. The Semont maneuver is also taught as an alternative, particularly for sticky debris or limited cervical movement. Lateral canal BPPV is addressed through recognition of direction-changing horizontal nystagmus and use of the BBQ/log roll maneuver. Practical follow-up advice, home exercises, and post-treatment precautions are also included.