Key points on assessment

Assessment of low back–related leg pain begins with confirming that the symptoms are actually coming from the spine. The main focus is on important differential diagnoses that can mimic sciatica or radicular pain, including hip pathology, sacroiliac joint pain, peripheral artery disease, meralgia paresthetica, sciatic endometriosis, deep gluteal syndrome, and other focal neuropathies. Key clinical clues are highlighted, such as exertional leg pain in peripheral artery disease, anterolateral thigh sensory symptoms in meralgia paresthetica, and cyclical symptoms in people who menstruate that may suggest endometriosis affecting the sciatic nerve. The teaching then shifts to distinguishing radicular pain from referred pain. Radicular pain is described as sharp, severe, localized, and often accompanied by neurological symptoms such as tingling, altered temperature sensations, weakness, or sensory loss. Referred pain is more diffuse, aching, and usually more proximal. Straight leg raise and slump testing are presented as supportive but not definitive, with emphasis on using them thoughtfully. Learners can expect a practical, evidence-informed approach to clinical reasoning rather than reliance on any single test or pain map.